Physical and chemical and mineralogical characteristics of ld steel slag. Pdf this paper describes a statistical approach to modelling the ld steelmaking process. Chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of. Dec 29, 2012 it is a modified bessemer process, steel is produced in a solid bottom converter by injection of oxygen into the molten iron bath from a water cooled lance inserted through the converter mouth. A number of recent developments have widened the area of application of the ld, basic oxygen steelmaking process. However, current slag processing is far away from optimum conditions, especially for slag fines with small particle.
Bos is the most common and dominant primary steelmaking process used in the world today. Profile of a blast furnace and its dimensions are adapted to technology of process, see figure. Steel produced using the ld process is characterized by its purity and that it is fully recyclable retaining its type and without loss of quality. Jun 21, 2016 in the next step, the metal in the container is sent directly for applying basic oxygen steelmaking process. The aim of this work is to create a representative mathematical model of the process of steelmaking for the quantities of raw materials and energy consumption optimal for producing a. Top oxygen blowing, widely referred to as the ld converter process, and steelmaking in the electric arc furnace, are nowadays the two most widely used steelmaking processes. On the other hand, to eliminate phosphorus and sulphur, the reverse reaction rate can only be suppressed if the slag contains a good amount of stronger base than as is internally available in the form of feo and mno. Because of high production costs, which are closely tied to the. After that high purity oxygen at a pressure of 100150 psi pounds per square inch is sent into the vessel at the supersonic speed that directly hits the surface of the iron bath through a watercooled lance kept at few feet above the bath. Ld bof plants from primetals technologies lead the steelmaking sector in terms of reliability and economy. The ld converter, named after the austrian towns linz and donawitz a.
The most common process is quenching with water, but air or a combination of air and water may be used. Jul 28, 2016 steelmaking slags are usually processed for iron recovery by dry magnetic separation. Typically the sulfur content after tapping is also around 0. The electric arc furnace eaf process is the main process for recycling of ferrous scrap 1 and the second most important steelmaking process route in terms of global steel production 2. The rest of the steelmaking offgas solid wastes could be recycled internally in the briquettingbasic oxygen furnace steelmaking process for cooling effect and externally in cement industry for iron. Steel making steel making process gerdau ameristeel utilizes the electric arc furnace continuous casting method in the production of structural steel products. Data based modeling approach of iron and steelmaking.
The aim of this work is to create a representative mathematical model of the process of steelmaking for the quantities of raw materials and energy consumption optimal for producing a ton of steel. Range, mean and standard deviation of the data set used for investigation parameters maximum minimum mean standard. Following behind is the electric arc process eaf with 33% and a residual quantity 4% by the open hearth process. This paper provides an overview of the different types of steel slag that are generated from basicoxygenfurnace bof steelmaking, electricarcfurnace eaf steelmaking, and ladlefurnace steel refining processes. Secondary metallurgy solutions from primetals technologies stands for fully integrated technology, mechanical engineering, automation and electrical engineering from a single source. Such a process of steelmaking is called acid steelmaking process which is carried out in an acid brick lined furnace. Computer control of ld converter process of steelmaking. Fullline secondary metallurgy solutions primetals technologies. The current industrial steelmaking process needs of competitiveness and cost reduction that are based in consolidated techniques, which must be guaranteed to be followed by a satisfactory performance. Steelmaking linzdonawitzconverter gas recovery and reutilization technique at csn brazil. Converter carbon steelmaking primetals technologies. Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore andor scrap.
Pdf slagmetal emulsion plays an important role in the oxidation kinetics of metalloids in oxygen steelmaking. With content designed to serve professionals and students, this book starts with an overview of steelmaking and develops into a focused description of underlying scientific fundamentals and applications. Silicon is one of the principal deoxidizers used in steelmaking and contributes to strength and hardness. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron lowers the carbon content of the alloy and changes it into lowcarbon steel. Alternative iron sources aisssteelmaking routes such as the fastmet process, the itmk3 process, fasteel, fastox, corex and hismelt. Enhancement of iron recovery from steelmaking slag fines. The purpose of this work is to develop a mathematical model to calculate the material balance. Ironmaking and steelmaking metallurgical and materials. Steelmaking by process type steel production 1999 total 788 million metric ton 60% 4% 3% 33% oxygen electric open hearth other \\da0002\01052901\common\doe report oct 2000\section 1. Direct reduction scrap ladle refining electric arc furnace steelmaking iron ore pellets electric arc furnace steelmaking continuous casting design by cover photo. Development of the ld process the story of the ld process a series of experiments began on june 3, 1949 on the former voest site, using a 2tonne experimental converter.
Converter carbon steelmaking solutions primetals technologies. Tata steel has over the years, undertaken extensive research in. The secondary steelmaking module is part of the steel manufacturing course. Steelmaking linzdonawitzconverter gas recovery and. An overview of use of linzdonawitz ld steel slag in. It can be categorized as carbon steel slag and stainless steel slag according to the type of steel, and as pretreatment slag, linzdonawitz ld converter slag, electrical arc furnace slag eafs, ladle refining slag and casting residue according to the steelmaking process meng and liu, 2000. A considerable portion of austrias iron and steel industry is involved with construction abroad.
Academic materials for the economics and management of industrial systems study programme at the faculty of metallurgy and materials engineering. Download for offline reading, highlight, bookmark or take notes while you read iron making and steelmaking. Model for indirect measurements of ld steelmaking process introduction at the present time the production of steel in ld converters belongs to the most widely used technology in manufacturing pig iron. Salzgitter the process shown above is illustrative only and is not designed to show the steelmaking process in detail. Synthesizing the science and its technology, the author examines the relevant reactions and phenomena, presents an integrated picture of clean steel manufacture, and provides an. Before undertaking a detailed study of the processes involved in steelmaking, it is helpful to. Evraz ntmk russia production facilities evraz ntmk has coke and chemical production facilities, two blast furnaces, steelmaking facilities one oxygen converter shop consisting of four ld converters, four continuous casters, seven rolling mills and a power and heat plant. Molten iron is produced directly using iron ore fines and noncoking coal rather than traditional blast furnace methods through sintering and reduction with coke. Steelmaking slags are usually processed for iron recovery by dry magnetic separation.
Other articles where linzdonawitz process is discussed. The recovered ironrich products are recycled back into the ironmaking and steelmaking processes to replace highcost steel scrap and iron ores. Thomas4 optical microscopy, total oxygen measurements and slime tests have been conducted to quantify. Jan 09, 20 such a process of steelmaking is called acid steelmaking process which is carried out in an acid brick lined furnace. The signal and logging unit was connected to a laptop pc on which logfiles were. Steel slag is a byproduct of the steelmaking and steel refining processes. Finex is the name for an iron making technology developed by former siemens vai now primetals technologies and posco. For integrated steelmaking, the primary sources of ghg emissions are blast furnace stoves 43 percent, miscellaneous combustion sources burning natural gas and process gases 30 percent, other process units 15 percent, and indirect emissions from electricity usage 12 percent. Energy balance calculations are carried out on the bof ld converter steelmaking process using the hot metal with the composition shown in table. A primary steelmaking process refers to the actual process of taking the raw materials and converting them to steel steelmaking. In germany, ld steelmaking accounts for around 75 % of production, while the electric arc furnace is used for 25 %.
Pdf model for indirect measurements of ld steelmaking process. Basic oxygen steelmaking bos, bop, bof, or osm, also known as linzdonawitzsteelmaking or the oxygen converter process is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbonrich molten pig iron is made into steel. Definitions of the process technologies considered herein can be found elsewhere in these proceedings in the paper titled influence of ais chemistry on eaf steelmaking. This module introduces the learner to the critical step of refining the chemistry of the steel in order to impart the desired properties required for the grade of steel being produced. The process was the result of a joint research and development project between siemens metals technologies and dorrenberg edelstahl. Page 5 granulated blastfurnace slag is produced by quickly quenching chilling molten slag to produce a glassy, granular product. In our efforts to characterize and improve the performance of an existing steelmaking process. The second principle is that discovered by hess 1840. Table 1 gives the details of the steel plant data 400 in numbers used for calculation. Methodology conclusion after the analysisof differentoptionsfor ld gas recovery and reuse it was concluded that the og system with the steam boiler additionwill be the. The name ld stands for linz and donawitz, these were the two places in austria where the process was born.
It is a modified bessemer process, steel is produced in a solid bottom converter by injection of oxygen into the molten iron bath from a water cooled lance inserted through the converter mouth. Comparative assessment of ld converter and electric arc. The steelmaking process belongs to very complicated. Fundamentals of iron and steelmaking 39 equal to its heat of formation, but of opposite sign.
When starting with very low sulfur content in the pig iron, an increase in sulfur can be observed deriving from the scrap. Modeling of steelmaking processes meets that everpresent demand and provides a solid knowledge base on which to build. The process uses as its major raw material, blast furnace iron, which will contain, to a varying degree, the elements carbon, silicon. The current industrial steelmaking process needs of competitiveness and cost reduction that are based in consolidated techniques, which must be guaranteed to be followed by a. Ld process is a refining process which is carried out in a ld vesselor ld converterbof. However, current slag processing is far away from optimum conditions, especially for slag fines with small particle sizes, resulting in generation of nonrecyclable.
Recycled steel scrap provides the raw material for the electric arc furnaces eaf. Trenkler wrote that the new process would be known as the ld process. To develop computational and mathematical abilities to be applied for process design and control. The automation of the ld converter plant was not only the beginning of comprehensive process controls and increasing automation level in the entire steelmaking route from iron ore to the finished sheet, but also a decisive factor for the further development of the ld process itself. This can be done either by electric energy, typically via three electrodes or by an allotropic process, e. The science and technology of steelmaking measurements, models and manufacturing a. The first metallurgical step is to reduce iron ore to metallic iron, a. Data drive based models have been developed for the prediction of end point phosphorous for bof steelmaking process. An introduction to the bof process bof basic oxygen furnaces or basic oxygen steelmaking contributes to the vast majority of world steel production.
How steel is made using the basic oxygen steelmaking process. Elimination of preliminary processing is claimed to make the plant for finex less. This process is also called as basic oxygen process. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon most important impurity are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel. However, if one goes back as far as the middle of the 19th century, one finds that henry bessemer, the englishman who developed the air refining process, what we now know as the.
Steel making is mainly concerned with the removal of these impurities. It has been found that the density of ld slag lies between 3. Basic oxygen steelmaking bos also known as linzdonawitzsteelmaking or the oxygen converter process, is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbonrich molten pig iron is made into steel. How steel is made using the basic oxygen steelmaking.
Ld converter is a welded construction of nonageing steel plates 8mm, the height of the vessel varies from 710m. As a result, 100% recycling of the steelmaking offgas solid wastes was achieved. Evraz ntmk russia production facilities evraz ntmk has coke and chemical production facilities, two blast furnaces, steelmaking facilities one oxygen converter shop consisting of four ld converters, four continuous casters, seven rolling mills and a. Properties and uses of iron and steel slag mf 1826 national slag association. This is the basis for maximum plant availability, short chargecycle times, low consumption values and topquality treated steel. Enhancement of iron recovery from steelmaking slag fines by. Electronic versions of draft and finalised documents are publicly.
Feb 23, 2014 this process is also called as basic oxygen process. Overview of the steelmaking process pellets sinter limestone coke iron ore coal scrap blast furnace ironmaking converter steelmaking ladle refining blast furnace steelmaking coalnatural gas plate hotrolled bars rods tube rounds rails slab billet bloom hotrolled and coldrolled strip coils structural shapes. The mineralogical and morphological properties of bof and electricarcfurnaceladle eafl. Basic oxygen furnace based steelmaking processes and cleanliness control at baosteel l. Basic oxygen steelmaking also known as linzdonawitzsteelmaking or the oxygen converter. Figure 4 figure 4 summarizes the various possibilities of secondary steelmaking by a. Pdf ironmaking and steelmaking processes greenhouse. Modern furnaces will take a charge of iron of up to tons 4 and convert it into steel in less than 40 minutes, compared to 1012 hours in an open hearth furnace. The steelmaking process belongs to very complicated metallurgical processes. In practice, the manual discontinuous standardised and validated. Whereas, many future improvements will be forthcoming in steelmaking equipment, process improve ments resulting from the application of fundamental principles and data will likewise continue. Theory and practice ebook written by ahindra ghosh, amit chatterjee. Converter carbon steelmaking boost your competitive edge with fullline solutions from the process inventor the demands placed on product quality, plant productivity and availability are on the rise.
Bundesarchiv b 145 bildf0790450009, duisburg, thyssenstahlwerk, hochofen. Brimacombe memorial lecture was presented at the iss 60th electric furnace conference in november in san antonio, texas. Steelmaking the refining of iron to make steel is where the carbon content of hot metal is lowered, usually to less than 1 % by an oxidation process in a steelmaking furnace. Media in category ld converter the following 20 files are in this category, out of 20 total. Prompt scrap is steel scrap generated during the manufacture of steel products. Toward 100% recycling of steelmaking offgas solid wastes.
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